Federal Law 418-FZ – Russia’s Crypto Regulation Explained

When working with Federal Law 418-FZ, Russia’s legal framework that defines digital financial assets, licensing, and compliance requirements. Also known as Digital Financial Assets Law, it shapes how crypto businesses operate across the country. In plain terms, this law tells you what you can and can’t do with tokens, who needs a license, and which activities fall under state supervision. If you’ve ever wondered why a Russian exchange asks for extra paperwork or why an airdrop suddenly stops, the answer is usually hidden in this rulebook.

Key Areas Covered by Federal Law 418-FZ

The most visible impact is on cryptocurrency regulation, the set of rules that govern how digital assets are issued, traded, and reported in Russia. The law treats digital assets as property, which means every transaction must be recorded for tax purposes. It also demands that any platform dealing with crypto must register with the central bank and follow strict anti‑money‑laundering (AML) procedures. This creates a clear legal path for investors but raises the bar for startups trying to launch new tokens.

Another pillar is the treatment of crypto exchanges, platforms that enable buying, selling, or swapping digital assets within Russia. Under 418‑FZ, exchanges must obtain a specific license, keep detailed user logs, and freeze accounts that appear suspicious. The law’s licensing clause aims to protect users from fraud while giving authorities a way to monitor market health. As a result, many foreign exchanges either partner with a local licensed entity or avoid Russian users altogether.

The rulebook even touches on airdrops, free token distributions used to promote new projects. According to 418‑FZ, an airdrop counts as a transfer of property, so the organizer must disclose the token’s value and comply with AML checks. Projects that ignore these steps risk being classified as illegal fundraising, which can lead to fines or a shutdown. Knowing this helps developers design compliant airdrop campaigns and saves participants from unexpected legal trouble.

Finally, the law influences crypto payments, the use of digital assets to pay for goods, services, or salaries. While 418‑FZ does not ban payments in crypto outright, it requires businesses to report every crypto‑based transaction to tax authorities and to convert earnings into rubles for accounting purposes. This dual‑track approach lets consumers enjoy the speed of crypto while keeping the state’s fiscal oversight intact.

All these pieces fit together to form a comprehensive picture of how crypto operates under Russian law. Below you’ll find a curated collection of articles that break down each aspect in detail—whether you’re eyeing an airdrop, planning to launch an exchange, or just want to understand the tax implications of your crypto payments. Use the guides to stay compliant, avoid pitfalls, and make the most of the opportunities that Federal Law 418‑FZ creates.

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